Shaping of the conductor or any of the other parts of the patch radiators plays important role in changing the working parameters of this type of antennas. In this work Annular, shape has been introduced on the conductor patch. Different dimensions have been introduced on the annular geometry and with a help of a simulation package obtained results are dependable on for application in microwave frequency ranging from 2.5 GHz to 5 GHz. Encouraging values of Bandwidth have been obtained with reasonable output of return loss

This paper presents the design and simulation of a microstrip array patch antenna operating at 28 GHz for 5G communication with a maximum reflection coefficient of -17 dB, a very wide bandwidth of 1.5 GHz and a high gain of 6.84 dB. A Roger RT5880, which has a dielectric constant of 2.2 and a height of 0.2 mm has been used as a transmission line with an inset feed. Antenna dimensions were calculated and simulated results have been performed and analyzed using CST Microwave Studio Package. Moreover, linear array with 3x1 and 5x1, to provide better gain to reach 13 dB and reducing the mutual effect, was developed using decoupling simple slab techniques.

This research presents patch antenna design that enhances its performance to work in 5G band with: sufficient bandwidth, acceptable insertion loss level and effective gain value. A selective procedure for finding suitable patch height has been undertaken. Parallel to this a technique of inserting appropriate Rectangular back holes in substrate has been also made. A simulation program using recent version of the well-known HFSS has been used for obtaining best of results. Sufficient bandwidth values in the range of (27 - 29.39)GHz with return loss range( -15dB - -33dB) have been obtained with acceptable gain value.

The security of the communication channels has become a hot research topic for the 5G due to the tremendous advancements in wireless communications over the past two decades, including the recent emergence of the fifth generation (5G) in mobile wireless communications, which is anticipated to support extremely large user connections and exponentially increase the wireless services. This paper describes a new approach to the problem of interception of wireless communication channels between the legitimate users. Physical Layer Security PLS is new topic enhancing the secrecy performance of a Single-input-multiple-output (SIMO) system for wireless communication from one base-station equipped by single transmitting antenna to many users equipped by multiple receiving antennas each. The receiving beamforming techniques “with a perfect channel CSI is assumed”, such as Maximum Ratio Combining MRC and Equal Gain Combining EGC is utilized in order to achieve the perfect secure receiving for the legitimate users. A downlink transmission of Multiple-input-Single-output (MISO) has been designed ‘Basestation’ equipped by multiple transmitting antennas and users (legitimate and Eavesdropper) with single receiving antenna can focus the information signal in the direction of the intended/information user while minimizing the signal's quality as received by an eavesdropper. The technique of Artificial Noise AN is also researched in addition to beamforming. The secrecy rate performance measured as Bit-error-ratio BER vs SNR in SIMO system model implemented with the receiving beamforming schemes MRC and EGC suggested that the MRC is considered as an optimal receive beamforming diversity technique in order to achieve a best secrecy rate of transmitted signal and as it was compared to secrecy rate performance resulted from MISO system model

Yagi-Uda antennas are known to be difficult to design and optimize due to their sensitivity at high gain, and the inclusion of numerous parasitic elements. There are various patch antennas used for Wi-Fi and Wi-MAX applications, but with high gain and directionality are requirement. Generally number of directors is raised to increase gain of these antennas. But, here we present modified designs of Yagi-Uda antennas, in which the directivity, gain and bandwidth can be enhanced by different techniques. In this paper initially discuss a design of a conventional Yagi-Uda antenna with four uniform directors is undertaken and uniform spacing between them. Results show that, the proposed techniques would enhance the directivity, gain as well as bandwidth when compared with the first design of Conventional Yagi-uda antenna. Finally, it can be said that the proposed design is suitable for Wi-Fi and Wi-MAX antennas with opertating frequency range starting from 2.45 GHz.

Automobiles of today must constantly change their speeds in reaction to changing road and traffic circumstances as the pace and density of road traffic increases. In sophisticated automobiles, the Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) is a vehicle safety system that enhances the vehicle's stability and steering capabilities by varying the torque to maintain the slip ratio at a safe level. This paper analyzes the performance of classical control, model reference adaptive control (MRAC), and intelligent control for controlling the (ABS). The ABS controller's goal is to keep the wheel slip ratio, which includes nonlinearities, parametric uncertainties, and disturbances as close to an optimal slip value as possible. This will decrease the stopping distance and guarantee safe vehicle operation during braking. A Bang-bang controller, PID, PID based Model Reference Adaptive Control (PID-MRAD), Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC), and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) controller are used to control the vehicle model. The car was tested on a dry asphalt and ice road with only straight-line braking. Based on slip ratio, vehicle speed, angular velocity, and stopping time, comparisons are performed between all control strategies. To analyze braking characteristics, the simulation changes the road surface condition, vehicle weight, and control methods. The simulation results revealed that our objectives were met. The simulation results clearly show that the ANFIS provides more flexibility and improves system-tracking precision in control action compared to the Bang-bang, PID, PID-MRAC, and FLC.

Antennas play very important role in the performance and consistency of any wireless communication system. In this work we have design, investigate, and optimize the various parameters as well as the bandwidth of a multi-band microstrip antenna using different positions of slot patch and defected ground plane structures (DGS) techniques. A Roger RT/ duroid 5880 substrate with dielectric constant 2.2, and ground plane with an area of 80mm×90mm have been chosen for operation at three different frequency bands centered at (2.30-2.7) GHz, (4.0-4.7) GHz and (5.2-5.8) GHz. The operation scope of the proposed structures is intended to work for WLAN, IMT (International mobile telecommunications) and WiMAX applications. Ansoft-High Frequency Structured Simulation package (Ansoft-HFSS) has been used as realization software of the proposed antennas.

In first stage of each microwave receiver there is Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) circuit, and this stage has important rule in minimizing the system noise figure, provide enough gain with sufficient linearity, and assure a stable 50 Ω input impedance at a low power consumption. The design of a LNA in Radio Frequency/Microwave (RF/MW) circuit requires the trade-off many importance characteristics such as gain, Noise Figure (NF), stability, power consumption and complexity. This situation Forces the designers to make choices in the design of RF circuits. In this paper the aim is to design and simulate a LNA circuit with high gain and low noise using E-pHEMT MGA665P8 transistor for frequency of 4 GHz. The amplifier is manually designed using conventional technique, Smith chart was used to do a matching of the input and output of the amplifier. The matching network was designed with microstrip lines and it’s single-stub with minimum lengths. A completed design of amplifier was optimized using Hewlett- Packard Advanced Design System (HP-ADS) software. A single stage LNA has successfully designed with 21.032 dB forward gain and 0.697 dB noise figure and working stably in the desired frequency.

The spread of ICT in education and learning has changed the way of teaching and learning, and

this raised the issue of getting e-learning systems to adapt/personalize with respect to student's

knowledge achievement. However, the relation between the concepts in the programming domain

are not definitive and they are fuzzily related. In this Paper, we describe a practical experience for

developing adaptable e-learning system using fuzzy logic to model and evaluate student's

knowledge for the purpose of adaptation in the field of Computer Programming. Fuzzy logic

technique modeled as a plugin on MOODLE Learning Management System at the Libyan

Academy for Postgraduate Studies is developed. Conclusions highlighted some important lessons

in increasing learning effectiveness and learner's satisfaction.